Why the Confederate Flag Flew During World War II
In July 1944, one month after the Allies stormed the beaches
of Normandy, the 79th Infantry Division drove Nazi troops out of the French
town La Haye-du-Puits. A young officer from Chattanooga, Tennessee, reached
into his rucksack and pulled out a flag that his grandfather had carried during
the Civil War. He fashioned a makeshift flagpole and hoisted it up, so that the
battle-worn Confederate flag could fly over the liberated village.
The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps recently decided to ban the
Confederate flag from military installations, and the Army is considering
renaming 10 bases named after Confederate generals. But if you want to
understand how the U.S. military came to embrace the Confederate flag in the
first place, the answers lie in World War II.
When white southern troops went overseas during the war,
some of them carried Confederate flags with them. As American forces took over
Pacific Islands or European towns, the troops would sometimes raise the
Confederate flag alongside or instead of the U.S. flag to celebrate their
victory. The Baltimore Evening Sun described this as a “recurring phenomenon
which has been observed in areas as widely separated as the Southwest Pacific,
Italy and France.”
A major from Richmond, Virginia, raised the Confederate flag
over a house after the U.S. Fifth Army captured the Italian town of Rifreddo.
He told Stars and Stripes, the official military newspaper, that he’d brought a
cache of flags with him and that he had already hung the Confederate flag in
Naples, Rome, and Leghorn. “This is one war we’re gonna win,” he said.
In the Pacific, Marine Colonel William O. Brice of South
Carolina dubbed himself the “commander of Confederate forces” in the Solomon
Islands and flew the Confederate flag on the islands’ base. The Charlotte
Observer praised Brice and other white marines, soldiers, and sailors for being
“descendants of men who wore the gray [who] have not forgotten in the turmoil
of battle, their reverence for those heroes of the [1860s].”
When the Allies secured military victory over Germany, a
tank officer carried the Confederate flag into Berlin. As the USS Mississippi
steamed into Tokyo Bay after Japan’s surrender, it was flying the Confederate
flag.
After the war, a white sergeant from Kentucky wrote home to
ask his mother to send a Confederate flag to display in a French school. “I
believe we will influence the teaching of the War Between the States,” he
wrote. Two former Army pilots returned from overseas and formed a “Confederate
Air Force” for white southern pilots in New Bern, North Carolina.
The white troops who raised the Confederate flag during
World War II argued that they were honoring the military service of their
forefathers. “In its day, this flag stood for much and waved over the heads of
the same type of men that made America great,” the Charlotte Observer argued.
“Deep in the hearts of all Americans, the Confederacy now is merely a part of
‘One nation indivisible.’”
Not all Americans agreed. When Army Lieutenant General Simon
Buckner Jr., himself the son of a Confederate general, saw a Marine unit flying
the flag at the battle of Okinawa, he ordered it removed. “Americans from all
over are involved in this battle,” he said.
For black Americans especially, the Confederate flag was a
symbol of decades of racism, hate, and white supremacy. They fought against it
being displayed before, during, and after the war. Before Pearl Harbor, for
example, the Baltimore Afro-American successfully protested a plan to use the
flag as the insignia of Army quartermasters stationed in Virginia at the base
named for Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
The embrace of the Confederate flag by white troops,
politicians, and civilians made it clear to black Americans that many of their
fellow citizens understood the goals of the Second World War in very different
terms. As black Americans fought a Double Victory campaign over fascism abroad
and racism at home, most white Americans understood the war only to be about
defeating the Nazis and Japanese military, a “single V” abroad and the status
quo at home. Edward Moe, a federal investigator who surveyed racial attitudes
during the war, found that many white people believed that World War II was
about preserving things “as they have been in America.” “White folks would
rather lose the war than give up the luxury of race prejudice,” NAACP Secretary
Roy Wilkins quipped.
While white officers and enlisted men had no difficulty displaying
the Confederate flag at home or overseas, Senator Millard Tydings, a Maryland
Democrat, wanted to ensure they could do so officially. In 1943, he introduced
a bill to allow Army units to carry Confederate battle streamers. “The sons of
those who fought on the southern side in the Civil War ... at least should have
the right to carry these streamers as a matter of maintaining military morale,”
he argued. The Chicago Defender, a leading black newspaper, struck back
immediately, calling the bill a “master stroke of hypocrisy” that proposed to
have “American troops carrying the banner under which bitter war was waged for
the perpetuation of slavery, into a so-called fight for democracy.” Among
Tydings’s opponents, the Defender reported, there was talk of amending the bill
to call for German Americans “to enter battle under the swastika, right next to
the old Confederacy’s Stars and Bars.”
Tydings’s bill was eventually signed by President Harry
Truman in March 1948, which opened the door for the official display of
Confederate symbols in the U.S. military. The policy was implemented just four
months before southern segregationists formed the States’ Rights Democratic
Party, the “Dixiecrats,” and nominated South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond
for the 1948 presidential election. “The Southerners want the State right to
continue to deny Negro citizens the right to vote,” the black journalist P. L.
Prattis remarked.
The Dixiecrats displayed the Confederate flag prominently at
campaign events, which sent sales of Confederate flags skyrocketing nationally.
“The Confederacy fought to destroy the United States … how in heaven’s name can
those who profess loyalty to the United States of America be loyal to the
Confederacy?” asked E. Washington Rhodes, publisher of Philadelphia’s largest
black newspaper. “Thousands of men suffered and died to make the stars and
stripes supreme in the U.S. There is but one American flag. We are either
Americans or something else.”
As the Tydings bill and the Dixiecrats led a surge in the
popularity of the Confederate flag, Truman signed Executive Order 9981,
committing the government to desegregating the military. The committee Truman
organized after the war to study civil rights concluded that discrimination in
the military was unacceptable: “Any discrimination which, while imposing an
obligation, prevents members of minority groups from rendering full military
service in defense of their country is for them a peculiarly humiliating badge
of inferiority.” While many white military officers and enlisted men resisted
the order, by the end of the Korean War in 1953, the military was almost fully
integrated. Black activists fought for this policy for more than a decade, and
it was one of the first major victories of the modern civil-rights era.
In the decades after World War II, the U.S. military became
one of the most racially diverse institutions in the country and offered social
mobility to generations of black Americans. At the same time, the military
allowed the display of the Confederate flag and related racist symbols, which
have no place in our military.
More than seven decades after the Confederate flag became
intertwined with the U.S. military, it is well past time that these ties are
severed.
6 comments:
Ryan Butler has some serious nerve when he lied on TV about this murder epidemic. He said Covid-19 is the reason that the court house and jail can't keep people in jail and convicted.
Where has he been for 10 years?
I'm like Cedar I've lived here all my life. The Confederate Battle Flag aka Rebel Flag represents nothing more than here hold my beer.
People who want to turn everything into racist symbolism must live sad tragic lives.
When US Troops flew the Rebel Flag over German soil or far away Pacific Islands it was nothing more than a Hell Ya!
A source of Southern Pride pride born white by chance and Southern by the grace of God!
Why am I not surprised that I would find support for the KKK flag on Cedar Posts? You pigs are all racists! Fuck CMPD!Fuck12
Folks just don't get it. Symbols evolve, and the stars and bars evolved a LOT over a century. It is more akin today to the peace sign is to neo-hippies as it is to anything remotely associated with racism. Faint Southern pride, but more than that, the sign that I am a rebel against authority, and you cannot box me in, even if forced. The thought of racism is a self-perpetuated feeling of victimhood that cycles over and over. Physiologically, there is no race, just skin pigment. Once that sinks in for a little bit, you realize how silly it is to assign RACISM to anything that you feel to be unfair to YOU. How does removing someone else's symbol help you in any way whatsoever? Does it make you any more free to take someone else's right away? Does it right your perceived wrongs?
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Just a question: How many of the maybe 1000 murders of Afam's in Charlotte over the past 15 years have been committed by someone who even owned a rebel flag, much less displayed it or used it in the commission of the crime? Dylan Roof is the only person I can think of, and he was so misguided and pathetic, it's not even funny.
How many "woke points" did NASCAR get for "banning" the Rebel Flag? I'd say a net loss of -100
Unlike corporate American going anti Trump or pro Trump where they risk losing 1/2 their client base turning your back on 80% of your demographics to appease 12% of the total US population is not even remotely smart.
Tiger Woods added millions to golf's fan base but the were not African American which even today is less the 1% of the PGA Tour's demographic.
Think About that. Maybe if the PGA Tour banned the racist flag?
9:38
Dylan Roof was Charleston. Not Charlotte.
Peace
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